Abstract
Khyber Agency is one of the seven Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which is administered by the federation of Pakistan since 1947. The rugged mountains and lush green vales of this territory is a home to two big Pakhtun Tribes the “Afridis” and the “Shinwaris”. Khyber witnessed the arrival of the Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Kushans,White Huns, to the plains of subcontinent and to the terrains of Afghanistan. It was this path which gave passage to the caravans of the Ghaznavide, Ghoraide and later on the Mughals. Khyber Agency is named after the famous Khyber Pass, the most important link between South Asia and Afghanistan. Khyber Agency is the oldest tribal agency, created in 1879 with PLN Cavagnari as the first Political Officer in a de Jure sense, but factually in 1901, with the establishment of the North West Frontier Province, the post of Political Officer changed into Political Agent with Major G. Kepper as the first Political Agent.
Like rest of the FATA regulations Khyber Agency is governed under Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR), which were introduced by British Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1901. Political Agent plays vital role in the Agency. All the administrative activities remain under the executive control of the President of Pakistan and the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the representative of the President for these areas.
Introduction The major tribe of the Agency, is further divided into eight clans; these are Kuki Khel, Malik Din Khels, Qambar Khel, Kamar Khel, Zakha Khels, Sipah, Aka Khels and Adam Khel. The first six are collectively known as the Khyber Afridis.1 Khyber Agency witnessed the arrival of the Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Kushans, and White Huns to the plains of Sub- continent and the terrains of Afghanistan. It was this pass which gave passage to the caravans of the Ghaznavide, Ghorides and later on the Mughals.
Khyber Agency is named after the famous Khyber Pass, the most important link between South Asia and Central Asia via Afghanistan. According to one version the word Khyber is derived from a Hebrew word, which means place or castle. Before the birth of Islam Jews had stronghold over the Khyber fort and its surroundings, situated some 150 km in the North-Western part of present day Saudi Arabia. However, the Khyber Pass has no connection with the Khyber Fort of Medina. Khyber is a small village in Landi Kotal situated on Peshawar—Torkham highway which earned this name for it. Historians and locals contend that Khyber Pass is the main reason behind the name of Khyber Agency.2 The geo-strategic position of this Pass has given worldwide recognition to its inhabitants and Agency and got the attention of historians as well. This pass has witnessed the invasion of many formidable armies. Aryans were the first who made their way from Central Asia through Khyber Pass into the Indo-Pak Sub- continent around 2500-1500-BC.3 Next came the Persians, followed b y Alexander the great in 327 BC. The Kushans came in the first century AD and made Peshawar their capital followed by the Sassanids in the 3rd century AD. The Muslims from Ghazna crossed this pass in 997 AD under the leadership of Subuktageen and was followed by his son Mahmud,4 the Ghorides, the Tatars and the Mughals. Nadir Shah Afshar of Persia captured Peshawar after crossing Khyber Pass and proceeded to Delhi in 1739. Ahmad Shah Abdali, the founder of modern Afghanistan, also made his way through Khyber Pass for his Indian invasion.
The English6 annexed Peshawar in 1849 and advanced towards the west. The British established outposts in the border areas. The Khyber Agency witnessed fierce fighting during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80). After the war, the British occupied the whole pass and established a piquet system over this pass to safeguard passage through it. During the tribal uprising in 1897-98, the Afridis generally rose against the British and seized the Pass. The British Indian government sent expedition to Tirah to control the situation. The skirmishes continued for two years and ultimately an agreement was signed between the British and Afridis, and it was decided to keep the Khyber Pass open for trade.7 Khyber Rifles, a brigade of informal army was formed to keep the Khyber Pass secure. This semi-formal force was formed called Khasadars, and recruited from the local tribes. They were asked to carry their own rifles called Jezail.8 The Khyber Pass did not witness peace for too long. According to the British, they faced tough resistance in this area up to the last day of their rule in Indo-Pak Sub-continent.
On 14th April, 1948, Quaid-i-Azam visited Khyber for the first time. As a Governor General of Pakistan, Mr. Jinnah ordered withdrawal of all forces from the tribal areas according to a previous promise he made to show respect for tribal spirit of freedom as they called themselves 'Azad Qabail' meant for-'free tribes'.
camera iphone 8 plus apk Beautiful Pakistan tirah bar qamber Khel (Khyber Agency) | |
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